DNA Heritage


	With his genetic roots in East Africa, man has progressed through time and
	migrated around the planet. In doing so, he has also branched out genetically. Each of the genetic markers below indicate where each of the branches have occurred. Because these branches, or 'haplogroups', can be found in particular regions of the world, it’s possible to determine where your Y-chromosome has traveled through time and where it can be seen today. Recent advances in technology and research now allow us to focus in and determine '‘sub-haplogroups', allowing for far better geographic resolution. As an example, where it was achievable to tell if your Y-chromosome was Haplogroup I (Central European), we're now able to focus the test and determine if your Y-chromosome is in fact sub-haplogroup I1b2 (almost exclusively found in Sardinia). And we're able to do this for most populations around the world!
	Below is a list of SNP markers that help to define the position of a man's
	Y-chromosome in the grand scheme of the Y-Chromosome Tree.

Marker	Anc/Der	YCC Hg	Marker	Anc/Der	YCC Hg
M2	A->G	E3a	M144	T->C	A3b
M3	C->T	Q3	M145	G->A	D-E
M4	A->G	M	M146	A->C	B1
M5	C->T	M	M147	1-bp IN^a(T)	K3
M6	T->C	A2	M148	A->G	Eb1a
M7	C->G	O3d	M149	G->A	E3a3
M8	G->T	C1	M150	C->T	B2a
M9	C->G	K-R	M151	G->A	D2b2
M10	T->C	E3a6	M152	C->T	B2a1
M11	A->G	L	M153	T->A	R1b6
M12	G->T	J2e	M154	T->C	E3a4
M13	G->C	A3b2	M155	G->A
M14	T->C	A2	M156	A->G	E3a6
M15	9-bp IN^a	D1	M157	A->C	R1a1b
M16	C->A	M2a	M158	G->A	J2d
M17	4G->3G	R1a1	M159	A->C	O3c
M18	2-bp IN^a	R1b1	M160	A->C	R1b7
M19	T->A	Q3a	M161	C->A	I1b2a
M20	A->G	L	M163	A->C	J2f2
M21	A->T	I1a2	M164	T->C	O3b
M22	A->G	L	M165	A->G	“E3a5, E3b2b”
M23	A->G	A2	M166	G->A	J2f2
M25	G->C	Q2	M168	C->T	C-R
M26	G->A	I1b2	M169	T->C	B2b2
M27	C->G	L1	M170	A->C	I
M28	T->G	A3a	M171	G->C	A3b2a
M30	G->A	B2b3	M172	T->G	J2
M31	G->C	A1	M173	A->C	R1
M32	T->C	A3	M174	T->C	D
M33	A->C	E1	M175	-5bp DE^a	O
M34	G->T	E3b3a	M178	T->C	N3a
M35	G->C	E3b	M179	C->T
M36	T->G	H1a	M180	T->C
M37	C->T	R1b2	M181	T->C	B
M38	T->G	C2	M182	C->T	B2
M39	C DE^a	H1c	M183	A->C
M42	A->T	B-R	M184	G->A
M43	A->G	B2a2a	M185	C->T
M44	G->C	E1a	M186	1-bp DE^a	M
M45	G->A	P-R	M188	C->T
M47	G->A	J2a	M189	G->T	M
M48	A->G	C3c	M190	A->G	A3b
M49	T->C	A2	M191	T->G
M50	T->C	O1b	M192	C->T
M51	G->A	A3b1	M193	4-bp IN^a
M52	A->C	H	M194	T->C	Q3b
M54	G->A	E2b	M195	A->G
M55	T->C	D2	M196	C->G	A2
M56	A->T	R1a1a	M197	T->C
M57	+1bp	D2	M198	C->T
M58	G->A	E3a1	M199	1-bp IN^a(G)	Q3c
M59	A->C	A3a	M200	G->A
M60	+1bp	B	M201	G->T	G
M61	C->T	L	M202	T->G
M62	T->C	J1	M203	G->C	D-E
M63	G->A	A3b2	M204	T->G
M64	A->G RE^a	“D2, R1a1c”	M205	T->A
M65	A->T	R1b3	M206	T->G	A2
M66	A->C	E3a6	M207	A->G	R
M67	A->T	J2f	M208	C->T
M68	A->G	J2b	M209	A->G
M69	T->C	H	M210	A->T
M70	A->C	K2	M211	C->T	B2b4b
M71	C->T	A2	M212	C->A
M72	A->G	I1a3	M213	T->C	F-R
M73	2-bp DE^a	R1b4	M214	T->C	O
M74	G->A	P-R	M215	A->G
M75	G->A	E2	M216	C->T	C
M76	T->G	L1	M217	A->C	C3
M77	C->T	C3c	M218	C->T
M78	C->T	E3b1	M219	T->C
M81	C->T	E3b2	M220	A->G	A3b
M82	-2bp	H1	M221	G->A
M82	-2bp	H1b	M223	C->T
M85	C->A	E2b	M224	T->C
M86	T->G	C3c	M231	G->A	N
M87	T->C	R1a1c	M241	G->A	J2e1
M88	A->G	O2a1	M242	C->T	Q2
M89	C->T	F-R	M253	C->A	I1a
M90	C->G	E2b	M267	T->G	J1
M91	9T->8 T	A	M269	T->C	R1b3
M92	T->C	J2f1	M304	A->C	J
M93	C->T	C3a	M323	C->T	Q4
M94	C->A	B-R	M343	C->A	R1c
M95	C->T	O2a	YAP	Alu- ->Alu+	D-E
M96	G->C	E	P1	C->T	E3a
M97	T->G	H1b	P2	C->T	E3
M98	G->C	E2b	P3	G->A	A2
M99	1-bp DE^a	J2e1a	P4	C->T	A2
M101	C->T	O1a	P5	C->T	A2
M102	G->C	J2e1	P6	G->C	B2b1
M103	C->T	O1b	P7	T->C	B2b4
M105	C->T	C1	P8	G->A	B2b4a
M106	A->G	M	P9	C->A	C-R
M107	A->G	E3b2a	P14	C->T	F-R
M108	T->C	“B2a2, B2b3a”	P15	C->T	G2
M109	C->T	B2a1	P16	A->T	G2a
M110	T->C	O1b	P18	C->T	G2a1
M111	2-bp (TT) DE^a	O2a1	P19	T->G	I
M112	G->A	B2b	P20	C DE^a	G1
M113	A->G	O3d1	P21	C->A	N3a1
M114	T->C	A2a	P22 (M104)	G/A->A	M2
M115	C->T	B2b2	P25	C->A	R1b
M116.2	“A->C, triallelic"	D2b,E3a2	P27	G->A	P-R
M117	4-bp DE^a	O3e1	P28	C->T	A2b
M118	A->T	A3b2b	P29	A->C	E
M119	A->C	O1	P31	T->C	O2
M120	T->C	Q1	P33	T->C	139
M121	5 bp DE^a	O3a	P36	G->A	Q
M122	T->C	O3	P37.1	T->C	D2
M123	G->A	E3b3	P37.2	T->C	I1b
M124	C->T	R2	P44	G->A	C3
M125	T->C	D2b1	SRY₄₀₆₄	G->A	E
M126	4-bp DE^a	R1b5	SRY₉₁₃₈	C->T	K1
M127	C->T	A3b2	SRY_10831a	A->G	B-R
M128	-2bp	N1	SRY_10831b	G->A	R1a
M129	G->A	B2b3	92R7	G->A	P-R
M130	C->T	C	Tat (M46)	T->C	N3
M131	9-bp DE^a	C1	Apt	G->A	F1
M132	G->T	E1	LINE1	LINE- -> LINE+	O3c
M133	1-bp (T) DE^a	O3e1	MSY2	4->3	“B2b4b, O1”
M134	-1bp	O3e	SRY-2627	C->T	R1b8
M135	+1bp	A2	SRY+465	C->T	O2b
M136	C->T	E3b3a1	47z	G->C
M137	T->C	J2c	MEH1	C->G	A2
M138	C->T	H1c	MEH2	G->T	Q
M139	5G->4G	B-R	50f2(P)	G->C	B2b
M141	T->A	A2	12f2	present->absent	D2, J
M143	G->T	Q2	DYS391	G->C	E3



	Above SNP/Haplogroup list adapted from:
	Recent Developments in Y-Short Tandem Repeat and Y-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis J. M. Butler National Institute of Standards and Technology

	^a DE: Deletion; IN: Insertion; RE: Recurrent
	Anc/Der = Ancestral/Derived
	Markers in bold are the ones that we test for. The amelogenin
	marker will also be analyzed to ensure that the sample is from a male.
	Note: Some derivations deviate from the YCC 2003 Tree

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